Recipe For The Ultimate Breakfast On The Go, Reach For...

For the ultimate breakfast on the go, reach for this intriguing healthy breakfast recipe. Coffee baking recipes for breakfast are ideal because they give the food energy you need in the morning, plus the coffee adds a needed caffeinated jolt. Cooking with coffee is easy, and can be a great way to use up your leftovers. I don t know about you, but there are just some days where I have a hard time functioning without that morning cup (or cups) of coffee. I try not to rely on coffee too much for my morning ritual (maybe singing that anti-coffee song all the time in middle school did affect me) but nothing wakes me up quite as well as a cup of coffee. When I make coffee for myself though, I sometimes find myself with leftover coffee at the end. I don t want to throw it away, but I d also rather not drink stale coffee heated in the microwave. The solution? Time to reveal some healthy coffee baking recipes. That s right - you can use that leftover coffee to make some delicious coffee bak ing recipes that are perfect for the morning. One of my favorite recipes for cooking with coffee is this one for Coffee Muffins. Recipe: Coffee Muffins Summary: This is one of the best healthy coffee baking recipes for breakfast! Ingredients - 1 cup very strong cold black coffee - 1 cup sugar, or equivalent sugar substitute suitable for baking - 2 eggs - 1 cup plain yogurt - 2 1/2 cups whole wheat flour - 2 teaspoons baking powder Instructions 1. Preheat oven to 400Show MoreRelatedPepsi Project Report13786 Words   |  56 Pagesprepare a project report on the same after the completion of training. During this whole training I got a lot of experience and came to know about the management practices in real that how it differs from those of theoretical knowledge and the practically in the real life. 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Management of Information System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Pick a System or Technology which could be developed in-house or outsourced or a combination of the two approaches. Make arguments and provide supporting rationale for outsourcing or no outsourcing or a hybrid approach. You may wish to provide a table of Advantages and Disadvantages and then provide rationale for your decision. Answer: Data warehouse concept In recent past it was consideration as a big problem in order to give the access to the important information to the people of the enterprise in a timely manner and when they actually needed it. (Arnott, Lizama Song, 2017). The concept of the data warehouse may be considered as a federal repository taking into account the data of the enterprise which is collected by various system of businesses. The main aim of the report is to take into consideration the concept of the data warehouse and the concept of it being outsourced. In order to explain the concept, the advantage and the disadvantage related to the outsourcing is taken into account. Concept of outsourcing The concept of outsourcing is majorly becoming a method which is preferred of doing the business by the companies for varied reasons (Trieu, V. H Burton-Jones, 2017). The important aspects of outsourcing are reduction in the cost related to operation, improvement of the focus of the company, accelerating reengineering benefits and so on. In recent times companies have focused towards the concept of outsourcing the technology than any other functions related to the business (Mohammed, 2016). Framework of data warehouse As the concept of the data warehouse has gradually increased many organisation has accepted their viability. One of the reason that can be associated with the concept of the data warehouse taking so much time to evolve is due to the factor that the technology is very much comprehensive. There are many details aspects which have to be taken into consideration before its direct implementation. In order to get a clear view point of the process of data warehousing emerged it is very much essential to have the data warehouse architecture (Golfarelli, Rizzi Cella, 2016). Architecture of data warehouse The structure of the data, presentation and the concept of processing that mainly exist for the user who are termed as end user within the framework of enterprise represents the architecture related to the data warehouse. There are a number of interconnected parts that make up the architecture they are: Information access layer External data base layer Data access layer Data directory layer Process management layer Application messaging layer Data warehouse layer Data staging layer (Foster Godbole, 2016). There are mainly two approaches of the data warehouse, mainly bottom up and top down. The top down approach that spins the data mart for a specific group of users after the complete data of the warehouse has been created (Watson Wixom, 2016). On the other hand, the bottom up process approach build the data marts first and then mainly combines the process into a single, compressed data warehouse. A data warehouse is mainly housed on an enterprise serve mainframe or increasingly in the concept of the cloud. The data from a various transaction which are online processing (OLTP) applications and other major sources is selectively extracted for the use by the analytical application and the query of the user (Golfarelli, Rizzi Cella, 2016). Advantage of Data warehouse outsourcing The advantage which are related to the data warehouse are as follows: Shipping cost: one of the major advantage which is related to then data warehousing and the fulfilment of the process is the ability to tap into the concept of the shipping account related to the courier network. When the combination is done of the throughput of a number of ecommerce business into the prospective of one account then these economics of the scale can be very much passed on to the individual business. This may result in significant cost saving (Watson Wixom, 2016). Flexibility: when the company owns and manages their own warehouse then the flexibility which can be achieved can be in the field of cost reduction as well as the reduction in the staff that has to be employed. Dispatching order: when the outsourcing concept is involved in the operation and the integration with the processing system, it can be very much assured that highest efficiency can be achieved from it. The system can allow orders being picked up, packed and dispatched all the time even during the weekends (Davis, Aggarwal Baskin, 2016). Disadvantage of Data warehouse outsourcing The disadvantage which are related to the data warehouse are as follows: Control: when the concept of the outsourcing is applied to any field of business, it can directly involve lack of control over the process. the company would not have any sight over the item or the data as they are being controlled or executed by a third party. Data protection: ones the overall concept is moved or outsourced the protection field lies on the hand of the third party. The company does not have any control over the data. It directly involves that the overall working is in the hand of the third party as well as the security. This may lead to a big problem (Fazal et al., 2017). Associated cost The cost of implementation can run from anywhere from $40000 to $3 million (Vercellis, 2017). This cost is directly dependent on the factor of the size of the carriers and the number of the customers who are involved in the business. Taking into account todays global competition, business is desperately trying to boost or on the other hand at least maintain the profit as well as market share while reducing the overall cost related to it (Yeoh Popovi?, 2016). Conclusion There should always be a clear concept and understanding of the process which are related to the huge amount of data within the infrastructure of any organisation. in order to manage the overall data there would be a huge demand of the IT/IS staff. In order to remove the stated problem outsourcing can be considered as an alternative in order to achieve the result. The burden which is involved in the overall working is left over to the third party and the burden is directly removed from the organisation. References Arnott, D., Lizama, F., Song, Y. (2017). Patterns of business intelligence systems use in organizations. Decision Support Systems, 97, 58-68. Fazal, T., Strutt, D., Gibb, R., Armstrong, M., Adendorff, M., Helal, R. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,740,992. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Foster, E. C., Godbole, S. (2016). Data Warehousing. In Database Systems (pp. 377-390). Apress. Mohammed, M. A. (2016). Improving the Efficiency of BI Report Generation for Data Warehousing Projects. Vercellis, C. (2017). Business intelligence: data mining and optimization for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Watson, H. J., Wixom, B. H. (2016). The current state of business intelligence. Computer, 40(9). Yeoh, W., Popovi?, A. (2016). Extending the understanding of critical success factors for implementing business intelligence systems. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(1), 134-147. Golfarelli, M., Rizzi, S., Cella, I. (2016, November). Beyond data warehousing: what's next in business intelligence?. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM international workshop on Data warehousing and OLAP (pp. 1-6). ACM. Davis, K. C., Aggarwal, D., Baskin, S. (2016, December). Scaling Data Warehousing Course Projects. In Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 241-245). IEEE. Trieu, V. H., Burton-Jones, A. (2017, January). A Model of the Production of Representational Fidelity: Insights from the Business Intelligence Systems Context. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 13316). Academy of Management.

Race Essays (1144 words) - Coeur DAlene People, Sherman Alexie

Expectations can alter a person?s ability to establish an outcome of choice. Society determines the role that every individual must adapt to in accordance to age, gender, sexual preference, race, ethnicity, and/or class. The struggle to define a unique entity can be overshadowed by the constant pressure to conform to the prototypical stereotype of human classification. A common example to this implementation is that Hispanics are lazy. A simple phrase like such can make the difference between surpassing the judgments and merely adjusting to life as a sluggish creature. In Sherman Alexie?s piece, Superman and Me, he excels the anticipated part portrayed by life?s discriminative system through the passion of obtaining knowledge from books. The author wanted the audience to be able to understand his view of equality by sharing his life story. He?s a Spokane Indian who grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in eastern Washington State to a low/middle-class family that consisted of a mother, father, older brother and three sisters (pg. 11). The intention of emplacing the information in his introduction paragraph is for the audience to appeal to culture; it establishes the background and the reliability of the author to connect with the reader. He organizes his piece in a chronological structure. The beginning sentences foreshadow an event of his life and it opens a sequential form of narrative arrangement. He could not recall exactly what issue or plot from the Superman comic book he had read, but he knew that he learned to read thanks to it (pg. 11). Yet he expresses that reading is not an enjoyment or an ability that is restricted to a high level of income or class by saying: He [author?s father] bought his books by the pound at Dutch?s Pawn Shop, Goodwill, Salvation Army, and Value Village. When he had extra money, he bought new novels at supermarkets, convenience stores and hospital gift shops. Our house was filled with books?. In a fit of unemployment-inspired creative energy, my father built a set of bookshelves and soon filled them with a random assortment of books about the Kennedy assassination, Watergate, the Vietnam War, and the entire twenty-three book series of the Apache westerns. My father loved books, and since I loved my father with an aching devotion, I decided to love books as well (pg. 12). Alexie?s argument against the discriminative eyes of the population begins to become stronger to detect in the middle of his piece of writing. This is an effective way to structure an essay. He reveals his past but does not intend to provide a clear purpose. It allows for credibility of the author, but also makes the reader to take sympathy and associate with his underlined ideals. This is an example of a planned way to appeal to pathos. An illustration can be found in the following sentence: ?Now, using this logic, I can see my change family as an essay of seven paragraphs: mother, father, older brother, the deceased sister, my younger twin sisters, and our adopted little brother? (pg 12). He starts to institute his voice about the main purpose of his literary work. The logic of his argument is that race and ethnicity can change views and victimize by labeling. He uses desired connotations and word phrasing to make his point across. As a child he was bright and taught himself to rea d. As advance as he was for a kindergartener, his brand as an Indian kept him from being congratulated. ?If he?d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy, but he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply an oddity? (pg. 13). In this sentence, the author speaks in a third-person voice to prevent from feeling the hurt of being painfully subjected to a lower standard. He used details that supported his intended effect. By calling smart Indians dangerous and stupid, he enforces the reader to comprehend the obscenities that are put upon a group of people without any knowledge of the individuals attached to these expressions. The author gives examples of ways that he experienced as a child in the following passage: They struggled with basic reading

Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Essays

Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Essays Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Essay Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Essay Intenational Affairs Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Ciuchi Madalina Comanescu Andreea Ivan Adrian Group 412 2nd year Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Many organizations, including colleges and major corporations, have begun the process of implementing work team systems. Teams present a greater diversity of knowledge, ideas, and experience than any one individual can offer. This diversity often helps to improve quality, create collaboration, enhance information exchange, and provide a sense of community and support to the team members ; however, it can also foster conflict. Conflict is a part of everyday life and is generally caused by individual opinions and differences. â€Å"When individuals work in teams, differences in power, values, attitudes, and social factors can all contribute to conflict†. Avoiding conflict completely is impossible; however, the resulting outcome does not have to be negative. Using effective strategies to manage conflict can present positive consequences as well. Preventative Measures Prevention is usually the best cure for most problems. When all members participate in setting rules and guidelines, open communication and mutual understanding is created within the team that may defuse a conflict before it becomes a problem. â€Å"It is, after all, easier to agree on guidelines and processes everyone believes are fair when things are going well, rather than when the team members are in the midst of conflict†. When the team makes these decisions as a group instead of receiving direct instructions from an authority figure, they are able to take ownership in the decision made and enforce it more effectively. In addition, various training courses and workshops are offered that team members can take advantage of to build awareness and acquire skills which could reduce or even prevent conflicts from arising in the first place. Some of these programs include team building, diversity training, communication workshops, and conflict management seminars. First Steps in Conflict Resolution Despite exercising preventative measures, the possibility that conflict may occur still exists. When conflict does arise, the first step is to analyze and understand the problem. The team members should try to discover the causes and reasons for the disagreement. Each team member should examine their own individual response to the conflict and determine if their reactions are supportive of or interfering with the overall success of the team. The team members should also examine the consequences of not being able to solve the conflict, as well as discuss ways to settle the conflict within the team. Finally, the team should decide which conflict resolution strategy to apply to the situation. Employing Conflict Resolution Strategies After the team members have analyzed the conflict and have a complete understanding of the situation, they are then equipped to resolve the conflict by employing the conflict resolution strategy which they have decided upon as a team. â€Å"Ralph H. Kilmann and Kenneth W. Thomas, authors of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, have identified five general approaches to dealing with conflict:    avoidance; accommodation; competition; compromise; and collaboration† . Each style of dealing with conflict varies in the degrees of cooperativeness and assertiveness. Cooperativeness refers to the party’s desire to satisfy the other’s concern, and assertiveness describes the party’s desire to satisfy their own concern . While most people generally have a preferred conflict resolution style, different styles can be useful in different situations. No one strategy is appropriate in all situations- each requires a different amount of time, energy, and cooperation. Avoidance This style of conflict resolution usually attracts people who are trying to evade conflict completely. In this instance, the parties are neither assertive nor cooperative. Avoidance is usually demonstrated by delegating controversial decisions, accepting default decisions, and not wanting to hurt anyone’s feelings. This is an appropriate strategy to use when winning becomes impossible, when the conflict is unimportant, or when someone else is in a better position to solve the problem. This strategy is sometimes used when the parties involved need time to control their emotions. Accommodation This style of conflict resolution indicates a willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of the person’s own needs. In this instance, cooperation is high and assertiveness is low . Accommodation allows a person to be persuaded to surrender his or her own position even though the submission is not justified. This is an appropriate strategy to use when issues are more important than the other party, when harmony is more valuable than winning, or when pacifying another person becomes important. This approach is sometimes used to establish goodwill that can be traded for favors in the future . Competition This style of conflict resolution is often used by people who know what they want and take a firm stand; they are usually in a position of power or have a strong persuasive ability. In this instance, cooperation is low and assertiveness is high. This is an appropriate strategy to use when an emergency occurs and a decision needs to be made quickly, when the decision is not a popular one, or when one party is trying to exploit the situation. However, this style can cause unsatisfied or resentful feelings in some team members when used in less urgent situations. Compromise This style of conflict resolution is often used to find a solution that will partially satisfy everyone involved. Each party, including the compromiser, is expected to relinquish something. In this instance, both medium assertiveness and cooperation are prominent. This is an appropriate strategy to use when the cost of conflict is higher than achieving the team’s goals, when equally matched parties are at an impasse, or when a deadline needs to be met in a short amount of time. Collaboration This style of conflict resolution is used when attempting to meet the needs of all people involved. In this instance, both cooperation and assertiveness are high, and the concerns are equally important. This is an appropriate strategy to use when a variety of viewpoints need to be addressed, when there have been previous conflicts within the group, or when the situation is too important for a simple exchange of position. With the collaboration strategy, everyone wins; however, the technique does require the most time and effort in order to resolve the situation. Team Benefits and Challenges As stated earlier conflict can be either a negative or positive experience for a team, depending on how the situation is processed and resolved. In many cases, effective conflict resolution skills can make the difference between positive and negative outcomes. Usually negative conflict will damage a team’s dynamics, which prevents the members from functioning as a group and achieving their combined goals. Conflict can be destructive when no decision has been reached and the problem still exists; when it iverts energy away from more important activities; when it destroys morale; and when it divides teams. In contrast, when conflict is resolved successfully, positive outcomes prevail. Successful conflict resolution not only solves the problem that has been brought to the surface, but it also benefits the team in some unexpected ways. Conflict can be constructive when people change and grow personally from the conflict; when a solution the problem is found; when it increases the involvement of the team, and when it builds cohesiveness among the team members. Conflict Management in the Workplace â€Å"Conflict is a part of everyday working life yet its a situation and an area of skill development that many employees avoid. † The fundamentals of conflict management include improving communication, promoting teamwork and an orderly approach to solving disagreements. There are various ways to manage conflict in the workplace. Author Carter McNamara, of Basics of Conflict Management, defines conflict as â€Å"when two or more values, perspectives and opinions are contradictory in nature and havent been aligned or agreed about†. Sometimes conflict can be a positive force within an organization, while other times it is a negative force. An example of conflict as a positive force is that the resolution may lead the company to constructive problem solving. It may also lead people to find ways of changing how they do things or view themselves and others. The resolution process can bring a positive change within an organization. However, conflict can also have negative effects. For example, conflict may lower morale or lessen productivity. It also may negatively affect the mental well-being of employees and cause stress. Supervisors must be sensitive to the consequences of conflict. These consequences range from negative outcomes to include loss of employees, low quality of work, and stress, to positive outcomes such as personal satisfaction, high quality of work, and increased commitment. Author Lyndsey Swinton of â€Å"Workplace Conflict Management: Strategy for Successful Resolution†, suggests some ways to manage conflict to include:    avoidance, accommodation, compromise, competition and collaboration. Avoidance is a non-assertive, non-co-operative way of dealing with a situation. It can be useful if the conflict is not urgent but avoiding the person can bring more stress into the work environment over long term. Accommodation is when one side will win, and one will lose. One person is allowed to get their way, but from a management standpoint if this strategy is used repeatedly, then co-workers may feel their voice is never heard. Compromise offers some assertiveness and cooperation. Both parties involved must give and take in their situation so that both can walk away feeling they met in the middle. Competition style has a steamrolling effect. It is a win-lose approach. With this style one person is allowed to push their ideals through but if they fall short, they stand on their own with no support of their coworkers. A collaborating style is a win-win approach brought about by sharing and reviewing the reasons the conflict even came about. This approach can be very time consuming and is rarely used unfortunately because it is the most fair to all parties involved. Studies on different styles of resolutions indicate that teamwork is the best approach to managing workplace conflict. This tends to promote successful individuals with high performance levels and results in positive feelings between staff and employees. The collaborating style works best for some. It is a step by step approach utilizing the chain of command to resolve conflict. First, the incident is reported to the supervisor. The supervisor then gathers information to gain a better understanding and then identifies possible causes. Then the issue is taken to the Human Resource department so an appropriate solution can be decided upon. Then all parties involved return to execute the solution. Conflicts are part of individual relationships and organizational development, and no organization can hope to mature to productivity and be successful without being able to resolve conflicts effectively† . Conflict resolution is an essential part of maintaining a successful workplace and the techniques and approaches should be utilized separately or in conjunction with each other, in order to promote a more unified work environment. Conclusion Conflict can be incredibly destructive to good teamwork. Differences between team members can quickly escalate causing the members to become ncooperative if not managed properly, eventually threatening the mission of the team. This is particularly true in cases where the wrong approaches to conflict resolution are applied. To control these situations, it helps to take a positive approach to conflict resolution. Positive conflict resolution focuses on courteous and non-confrontational discussion, as well as on the issues instead of on the individuals. As long as team members listen carefully to one another and explore the facts, issues and possible solutions properly, conflict can often be resolved effectively. References Capozzoli, T. (1995). Resolving Conflict within Teams. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 18(7), 28. Retrieved December 3, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID:    8928676). DeJanasz, S. , Dowd K. , Schneider B. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 241-259. Kerr, R. (2005). Work Team Conflict Resolution. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from uwstout. edu/rs/2005/article2. pdf Mind Tools (2008). Resolving conflict rationally and effectively. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_81. htm Porter, S. (2003). Managing Conflict in Learning Teams. University of Phoenix. pp. 1-9.

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Consumer behavior - Essay Example value food market there are gaps in areas of research in relation to the specific market size which can be expected and in certain psychographic aspects of the consumer character profile. These will be identified throughout the report. Specific market size cannot accurately be predicted, due to an apparent trend in the United Kingdom for a more socially-acceptable movement toward thrift in the frozen foods sector. This seems to be moving different markets together, thus creating large opportunity for a more mass market focused brand campaign. Before determining an appropriate market size, it would be necessary to understand which specific region of the country could best be supplied logistically. Competitors consist of many multi-national companies with very wide product lines, therefore this is also an indication of high profit potential if Northern Ireland pursues a less domestic approach to sales by expanding beyond the UK. In London alone, with such a large emphasis on thrift mixing markets, the four million adult consumers in this region could serve as a test market for introduction into the consumer market and represent enormous profit opportunity. One notable trend in this market environment is how the different competitors continue to use interesting marketing positioning tactics, through promotion, to create different perceptions with the customers. From an observational research perspective, the quality of the products as well as the food texture does not seem to be a marketing objective in this region. Rather, creating the personal connection between how the product would be viable in the family environment and the consumers’ visual taste sensations in advertisements remains the large focus of marketing in this frozen foods community. Because this will be more of a mass market-focused campaign for the quality dinner foods provided by Northern Ireland Fast Food Company, it will be necessary to fully determine which city and region will be the first

International Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Human Resources Management - Essay Example The available study on this question however was limited and many avoids the question. The study proposed the hypothesis based on a triad notion composed of three concepts: work involvement, driveness and work enjoyment. It was hypothesized that workaholics will score high on work involvement and driveness but low on work enjoyment while work enthusiasts will score high on work involvement and work enjoyment and low on driveness and that enthusiastic workaholics will score high on all three components. Methods and point of view of the author’s research The sample populations were 530 male and female managers and professionals using anonymous questionnaires. They are between 35 to over 50 years old who has MBA degrees obtained over a number of years before 1985. Almost 80 percent were married and almost one third worked 46Â ±50 hours per week. A response rate was excluded from the 591 responses that were returned and the sample was reduced further to 530 when respondents indic ated that they were no longer working full time. The three scales that were used were Work Involvement, Driveness and Work Enjoyment. The result of the scales were combined to produce six workaholism types: Work Enthusiasts (WEs), Workaholics (Ws), Enthusiastic Workaholics (EWs), Unengaged Workers (UWs), Relaxed Workers (RWs) and Disenchanted Workers (DWs) depending on how low or high they scored on the three scales. Of these, the three psychological and physical well-being were included. They were basically the parameters whether working too much would good or bad for our well-being. Respondents then were asked they experience each physical condition in the past year such as headches, etch. The study revealed that the largest number of the respondents fell into the UW (Unengaged Worker) at 23 percent, followed by EW (Enthusiastic Workaholic) at 19 percent, EW (Work Enthusiast) at 14 percent and RWs (Relaxed Worker) at 12 per cent. It was also found that the hypothesis of the triad notion composed of the concepts work involvement, driven, work enjoyment were directly interrelated along with the significant correlation of the three indicators of psychological and physical well-being. But the most conclusive finding is that the two factors of the triad, driven and work enjoyment were inversely interrelated. Meaning, as one is driven or pressured to work, the less one enjoys it. It was also found that WEs, EWs and RWs had fewer psychosomatic symptoms than did both Ws and DWs. It meant that an enthusiastic worker suffers fewer stress compared to unengaged worker and relaxed worker and have a better life than the workaholic types such as W, UWs and DWs. In conclusion, enthusiastic workers such as those who fell into the category of WE and EW suffers lesser stress than the workaholic and those who likes their work has a better emotional well-being than the workaholics. Discussion Having answered the question that indeed overworking could not be good for our over-all well being, the study now compels managers and employees alike to be less obsessive with work and to relax a bit. It also implies that managers experiencing poor emotional and physical well-being may not enjoy their work and become more stressful. While the research was able to determine the correlation between overworking and stress, it was not however able to determine

Lifespan Development Essay Example for Free

Lifespan Development Essay Lifespan development, also known as human development, is a field of study that is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout a person’s lifespan (Berk, 2010). Lifespan development begins with infancy and looks at several points in a person’s life in which significant change takes place. The study of children did not begin until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Berk, 2010). Throughout the years, there was much speculation about how people grow and change and when combined with research, theories of development surfaced. These theories were vital and provided organized frameworks for observations of people and they are verified by research and provide a basis for practical action (Berk, 2010). Many theories developed to study the development of infants and children through out life and these theories continue to have an impact on society and research today. There are many notable development researchers and schools of thought such as Locke, Rousseau, Arnold Gesell, Ivan Pavlov, Lawrence Kohlberg, Social Learning Theory, Stages of Moral Development, and Ethiological Theories just to name a few (Crain, 2005). There are some researchers and schools of thought who still have an impact today such as Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, Jean Piaget and his Cognitive-Developmental theory, and the Psychoanalytic theory first developed by Sigmund Freud. Charles Darwin is significant to developmental studies today because it was he who paved the way, or opened the door for the many schools of thought that followed. Darwin is known as the forefather of scientific child study (Berk, 2010). Darwin was a naturalist who observed the variation among plant and animal species but along with that, he also noticed that within a specific species, no two individuals were alike (Berk, 2010). Darwin developed his theory which emphasized the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Darwin’s theory stated that certain species survive in particular environments because they have characteristics that fit with or are adapted to their surroundings (Berk, 2010). Those within the species that best meet the survival requirements live long enough to reproduce and keep the species going (Berk, 2010). Darwin, in his travels and research, noticed some similarities in prenatal growth among species. Darwin noted that the embryos of most species are highly similar in their early forms revealing their descent from a common ancestor (Crain, 2005). Today, in the broad scheme of things, Darwin’s theory is correct in that there is variation within species and only some survive long enough to reproduce and pass along traits. What Darwin did not understand was the mechanisms underlying the transmission of traits (Crain, 2005). Because of this, Darwin is considered the starting point for the vast amount of research done on lifespan development. Another important aspect of the study of lifespan development is the Cognitive-Developmental theory of Jean Piaget. Piaget’s theory stated that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2010). Piaget did not believe that a child’s learning depended on reinforcers as the behaviorists believed. Piaget developed stages and he realized that children pass through his stages at different rates and did not pay specific attention to the ages at the various stages but noted that they all pass through the stages in the same order (Crain, 2005). Piaget’s theory consisted of four periods: Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth to 2 years), Preoperational Thought (2 to 7), Concrete Operations (7 to 11), and Formal Operations (11 to adulthood) (Berk, 2010; Crain, 2005). Piaget was able to convince people that children are active learners whose minds consist of rich structures of knowledge (Berk, 2010). Piaget’s research influenced much of the research today that focuses on children’s concept of self, other people, and human relationships. Many educational philosophies and programs that place emphasis on discovery learning and direct contact were encouraged by Piaget’s theory (Berk, 2010; Crain, 2005). Piaget’s theory did not come without criticism and challenges. Some researchers believe that Piaget actually underestimated the competencies of children. This called for much research to be conducted to challenge and refute Piaget’s theory and also to find ways to expound upon and improve his theory. The most influential school of thought is that of the Psychoanalytic perspective developed by Sigmund Freud. This perspective states that people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. (Berk, 2010). The school of thought basically focused on the fact that psychological change is governed by inner forces such as feelings, impulses, and fantasies (Crain, 2005). Freud had all of his patients use free association in their sessions allowing them to talk freely about the painful events of their childhood (Berk, 2010). Freud developed the psychosexual theory based on theiry unconscious thoughts. This theory states that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development (Berk, 2010). Freud’s theory was considered the first to place importance on the influence of the early parent-child relationship and its involvement in development (Berk, 2010). Freud’s theory received much criticism because he did not study children directly and was heavy on the sexual influences in development (Crain, 2005). The controversy surrounding this particular school of thought, prompted much research making it one of, if not the influential theories in development. Research on the many aspects of emotional and social development which includes infant-caregiver attachment, aggression, sibling relationships, child-rearing practices, morality, gender roles, and adolescent identity grew from the theory of Freud (Berk, 2010). There are many different ways in which development is researched. One way is systematic observation. There are different ways in which observations of children and adults can be conducted. Some researchers choose to go into the field or the natural environment and record the behavior which is known as naturalistic observation (Berk, 2010). Through naturalistic observation, researchers are able to get a first hand look at the subjects. On the other side though, some people may not display the same behavior in their everyday life. Structured observations happen when the researcher sets up a laboratory situation that evokes behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response (Berk, 2010). The ways that the research is gathered varies depending on what is being researched. Systematic observations tell how people actually behave but fail to provide the reasons behind the behavior. Self-reports allow participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, and other things of that nature. They are normally structured interviews, unstructured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. Clinical interviews allow for researchers to use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view (Berk, 2010). Structured interviews, which includes tests and questionnaires, asks all participants the same set of questions (Berk, 2010). They are easier to score and the researchers are able to identify a behavior of interest because the participants is given alternatives in answer choices. The case study methods brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores (Berk, 2010). This method is generally used when one wants to study a particular group that may be small in size but varies in characteristics. This method can be viewed as bias because the information that is collected is sometimes done unsystematically and is subjective and geared toward the researchers theoretical perspective. There are other ways of studying development such as ethnography which is aimed at studying a culture as a whole or a distinct social group through participant observation. Ethics plays a major role in the study of development as well. It is important to consider things such as the rights of the participants. This includes, protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of the result, and beneficial treatments (Berk, 2010). Informed consent is especially important because it provides safeguards for children and elderly people who are cognitively impaired or have to be cared for in settings for the chronically ill (Berk, 2010). Research generally creates ethical issues because of the search for scientific knowledge and at the same time has the opportunity to exploit people. References Berk, L.E. (2010). Development through the lifespan. (5th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Crain, W. (2005). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall